Two Sample T-Test Unequal Variance
Comparing two Samples/Populations/Groups/Means/Values
Two-sample T-Test with unequal variance can be applied when (1) the samples are normally distributed, (2) the standard deviation of both populations are unknown and assume to be unequal, and the (3) sample is sufficiently large (over 30).
To compare the height of two male populations from the United States and Sweden, a sample of 30 males from each country is randomly selected and the measured heights are provided in Table 3.
Table 6. Height data for US and Swedish male samples
Step 1
Hypothesis
Step 2
Method
As the population standard deviation is unknown, the data is assumed to be normally distributed and the sample size is large enough, the two-sample T-Test can be applied to analyze the data. The test statistics is calculated as in Equation 5.
Equation 5
[Any statistical software, including MS excel can perform the two-sample T-Tests. Therefore, the equation is only for reference only. Analysis output will be produced using software.]
MS Excel can be used for performing a two-sample T-Test.
Step 3
Results
Analysis using MS excel is provided in Figure 9.
Figure 9. Two Sample T-Test Equal Variance Analysis Results Using MS Excel
Statistical Interpretation of the Results
We reject the null hypothesis because the p-value (0.0127) is smaller than the level of significance (0.05). [p-value is the observed probability of the null hypothesis to happen, which is calculated from the sample data using an appropriate method, two-sample T-Test for equal variance in this case]
Step 4
Contextual Conclusion
Statistically, US male and Swedish male populations are significantly different with respect to the height. [rewrite the accepted hypothesis for an eighth grader without using the statistical jargon such as the p-value, level of significance, etc.]
The next question would be then who is taller or shorter. Both the sample and the population data show that the Swedish male population is taller than the US male population. However, the alternative hypothesis was written as “Not Equal.” Therefore, to test that the Swedish male population is taller than the US male population or the US male population is shorter than the Swedish male population. The hypothesis is written as below.
Now the alternative hypothesis become one-sided. As the one-sided probability is the half of the two-sided probability (p-value), we would still reject the null hypothesis. The new contextual conclusion would be “Statistically, the US male population is significantly shorter than the Swedish male population.” However, making this contextual conclusion for the original “not equal” alternative hypothesis would be wrong………….A common mistake.